Sunday, December 29, 2019

What Is the Difference Between Osmosis and Diffusion

Students are often asked to explain the similarities and differences  between osmosis and diffusion  or to compare and contrast the two forms of transport. To answer the question, you need to know the definitions of osmosis and diffusion and really understand what they mean. Definitions Osmosis: Osmosis is the movement of solvent particles across a semipermeable membrane from a dilute solution into a concentrated solution. The solvent moves to dilute the concentrated solution and equalize the concentration on both sides of the membrane.Diffusion: Diffusion is the movement of particles from an area of higher concentration to lower concentration. The overall effect is to equalize concentration throughout the medium. Examples Examples of Osmosis:  Examples include red blood cells swelling up when exposed to freshwater and plant root hairs taking up water. To see an easy demonstration of osmosis, soak gummy candies in water. The gel of the candies acts as a semipermeable membrane.Examples of Diffusion:  Examples of diffusion include the scent of perfume filling a whole room and the movement of small molecules across a cell membrane.  One of the simplest demonstrations of diffusion is adding a drop of food coloring to water. Although other transport  processes do occur,  diffusion is the key player. Similarities Osmosis and diffusion are related processes that display similarities: Both osmosis and diffusion equalize the concentration of two solutions.Both diffusion and osmosis are passive transport processes, which means they do not require any input of extra energy to occur. In both diffusion and osmosis, particles move from an area of higher concentration to one of lower concentration. Differences Heres how they are different: Diffusion can occur in any mixture, including one that includes a semipermeable membrane, while osmosis always occurs across a semipermeable membrane.When people discuss osmosis in biology, it always refers to the movement of water. In chemistry, its possible for other solvents to be involved. In biology, this is a difference between the two processes.One big difference between osmosis and diffusion is that both solvent and solute particles are free to move in diffusion, but in osmosis, only the solvent molecules (water molecules) cross the membrane. This can be confusing because while the solvent particles are moving from higher to lower solvent concentration across the membrane, they are moving from lower to higher solute concentration, or from a more dilute solution to a region of more concentrated solution. This occurs naturally because the system seeks balance or equilibrium. If the solute particles cant cross a barrier, the only way to equalize concentration on both sides of th e membrane is for the solvent particles to move in. You can consider osmosis to be a special case of diffusion in which diffusion occurs across a semipermeable membrane and only the water or other solvent moves. Diffusion Versus Osmosis Diffusion Osmosis Any type of substance moves from an area of highest energy or concentration to a region of lowest energy or concentration. Only water or another solvent moves from a region of high energy or concentration to a region of lower energy or concentration. Diffusion can occur in any medium, whether it is liquid, solid, or gas. Osmosis occurs only in a liquid medium. Diffusion does not require a semipermeable membrane. Osmosis requires a semipermeable membrane. The concentration of the diffusion substance equalizes to fill the available space. The concentration of the solvent does not become equal on both sides of the membrane. Hydrostatic pressure and turgor pressure do not normally apply to diffusion. Hydrostatic pressure and turgor pressure oppose osmosis. Diffusion does not depend on solute potential, pressure potential, or water potential. Osmosis depends on solute potential. Diffusion mainly depends on the presence of other particles. Osmosis mainly depends on the number of solute particles dissolved in the solvent. Diffusion is a passive process. Osmosis is a passive process. The movement in diffusion is to equalize concentration (energy) throughout the system. The movement in osmosis seeks to equalize solvent concentration, although it does not achieve this. Key Points Facts to remember about diffusion and osmosis: Diffusion and osmosis are both passive transport processes that act to equalize the concentration of a solution.In diffusion, particles move from an area of higher concentration to one of lower concentration until equilibrium is reached. In osmosis, a semipermeable membrane is present, so only the solvent molecules are free to move to equalize concentration.

Saturday, December 21, 2019

The General Theory Of Employment, Interest, And Money

In the renowned work, The General Theory of Employment, Interest, and Money John Maynard Keynes breaks down his general theory of mercantilism and free trade into seven different section. Each section talking about his opposition to economic theorists and his views on the advantage of having an adaptable and well prepared system to maintain an efficient economy. In his first argument he starts off by explaining how â€Å"for the past one hundred years there has been a remarkable divergence of opinion† between practical men and economic theorists (Chapter 23, I). Unlike the economic theorists the practical men favor mercantilism, an economic system set around strict government regulations in order to unify a nation in hopes to increase monetary†¦show more content†¦Which states that most new investments are either home investments, which can eventually be governed, or foreign investment, which is determined by balance trade. The two investments together make up aggregate investment, which is the sum of all expenditures on investment. As he moves on he argues that â€Å"If the domestic rate of interest falls†¦the increase in the domestic level of costs will begin to react unfavorably on the balance of foreign trade† (Chapter 23, II). Causing an influx in a country’s increasing costs and falling rates leads to another country’s fall in cost and rise in rates. Mercantilists who were accused of opposing trade restrictions later realized that favorable balance of trade was more efficient. However, Keynes makes a great argument in that he states that â€Å"the fact that the advantage which our own country gains from a favorable balance is liable to involve an equal disadvantage to some other country† (Chapter 23, II). So it is important that economists and government officials make better and educated decisions that helps maintain a nations economy. The third and fourth section of Keynes’ argument brings up multiple references to other economists and professors on their views of mercantilism. In his reference to an article from Professor Heckscher, who believes that the mercantilists policy â€Å"killed two birds with one stone† (Chapter 23, III). Keynes saw the flaw inShow MoreRelatedThe General Theory Of Employment, Interest, And Money.1653 Words   |  7 PagesThe General Theory of Employment, Interest, and Money Background information about the Author John Maynard Keynes was born in Cambridge, England in 1883 (Bateman, Toshiaki, Maria, 2010). He was the first born in a family of three children. He spent most of his toddler years in Cambridge where he attended kindergarten. In 1889, he attended his first kindergarten lessons at Perse School for Girls where he was supposed to attend lessons for five days a week. At the initial stage of education, he showedRead MoreGeneral Theory Of Employment, Interest And Money2303 Words   |  10 Pagesmacroeconomic. Compared to microeconomics, macroeconomics is a wider branch of economics. In 1936, macroeconomics emerged as a separate division of economics with the publication of John Maynard Keynes’ revolutionary book â€Å"The General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money†. In the study of microeconomics, it is examined how individual units, whether they be households or firms, come to a decision on how to allocate resources and whether those decisions are appropriate. On the other hand, in macroeconomicsRead MoreKeynes Macroeconomic Theory Essay1181 Words   |  5 Pagesyears of the industrialization era modern economics began to see a change and shift of ideas. These ideas were brought to the front by John Maynard Keynes, who in 1936 transformed much of the modern economics by a single book The General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money. Keynes also wrote other titles as well as ‘A Tract on Monetary Reform (1923) which was an attempt to secure a monetary policy instead of the gold standard. Keynes (2002) believed that the stable economy of Britain was moreRead MoreNeoclassical Theory Of Keynesian Theory1578 Words   |  7 Pagesboth the Neoclassical school of economic thought and Keynes’ General Theory. The UK Cambridge Post Keynesian view of economics also contains elements from both these schools, yet the Neoclassical Keynesian synthesis and the UK Cambridge Keynesian bodies of economic thought differ in their views, methods and ideas. The two schools utilise different models to reach the similar conclusion that the economy will tend towards full employment equilibrium in a long run situation – a conclusion that complementsRead MoreHow the Economy Works712 Words   |  3 PagesKeynesianism on the demand for money have always been subject to debate by economic scholars alike. The Quantity Theory of Money is an economic theory that states that the money supply is an economy is directly proportional to the general price level. This theory is commonly ass ociated with neoclassical economics. Milton Friedman, a famous economist, modified this quantity theory of money by formulating a theory called the general theory of asset demand, where money demand is a function of wealthRead MoreJohn Maynard Keynes s Economic Theory And Policy After World War II1307 Words   |  6 Pagesfull employment. John Maynard Keynes came up with a theory as a counterargument: that aggregate demand is the single most powerful force in any economy. Keynes explains that free markets are not able to balance themselves out enough to lead to the full employment everyone was waiting for. The 1930s gave rise to Keynes’ ideas, especially after the publication of his revolutionary book The General Theory of Employment, Interest, and Money in 1936. â€Å"Keynesian economics dominated economic theory andRead MoreClassical School Of Thought And The Great Depression1020 Words   |  5 Pagesstated, a theory becomes irrelevant when it cannot explain current iss ues within the economy; therefore the classical school of thought was not valid anymore in Keynes view. John Maynard Keynes is the author of The General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money. Furthermore, The General Theory is the result of the Great Depression, where the unemployment rate was high and businesses were not prosperous (Krugman, 2007). Keynes wrote The General Theory to challenge classical economic theories. This essayRead MoreJohn Maynard Keynes : The Father Of Macroeconomics1502 Words   |  7 Pageseconomist, whose impact on economic theories has proven substantial contribution to reconstructing of economical values. He had influential individuals who helped intrigue and develop his interests in economic. Keynes interests were beyond economics; he took active stance on proposing post-war monetary funds, important for Germany’s reparation and reconstruction funds after World War II. Through his different opportunities and bureaucracy, Keynes developed theo ries, for which he believed is vital toRead MoreThe Keynesian Era During The Middle Of The Nineteenth Century1720 Words   |  7 Pagesnineteenth century, economists Adam Smith, David Ricardo, Thomas Mathus, and John Stuart Mill all shared somewhat similar economic views of the world. Some of the main concepts covered during this time included the division of labor, theories of rent, value, and distribution, theories of market â€Å"gluts† and population, and opportunity cost, competition, and trade. These classical economists believed capitalism was the foundation for an efficient economy where little to no government intervention was recognizedRead MoreJohn Maynard Keynes Transformed Economics In The 20Th Century1507 Words   |  7 Pagesthe postulates that underpinned their theories. Keynes disagreed with the laissez faire attitude of the classical thinkers, and argued for greater government intervention due to his belief that the focus should be on demand side macroecon omics rather than supply side. This belief transpired because of the Wall Street Crash of 1929 and the subsequent depression that highlighted the shortcomings of the traditional theories, especially in regards to employment that remained excessively high for a prolonged

Thursday, December 12, 2019

Historical Sketch of Equitable Jurisdiction Chancery

Question: Discuss about the Historical Sketch of Equitable Jurisdiction Chancery. Answer: Introduction: This case is considered as a basic case for the common law jurisdictions. In this case, it was held by the court that the equitable principles need to be given preference over the common law. The facts of this case can be briefly described Management as follows. Some land was sold by Magdalene College, Cambridge, was sold to Queen Elizabeth I and then it was sold to Benedict Spinola, who was a Genoese merchant. It has been provided by a statute, 13 Eliz c10 that the conveyance of estate by masters, fellows or a Dean of the College to any person for anything else than a period of 21 years or three lives shall be completely void. By transferring the estate to the Queen, impeachable title can be granted. This was delayed by Spinola, and also by the Earl of Oxford, who had purchased this land in 1580. He built 130 houses on the land. A house was leased by John Warren through intermediaries. Then, the master of Magdalene College claimed that he cannot lease the land to John Smith. Under t hese circumstances, an action for ejection was initiated by Warren against Smith. However, his lease expired before the court could hear the matter. However, Warren requested that the matter should be heard anyway. In its decision, the jury arrived at the conclusion that the position was taken unlawfully by Smith (through the sale of land later on by Gooch on college's behalf) and as a result, the sale was good. The ultimate meaning of this verdict was that Warren can be considered as being capable of ejecting Smith. In this case, Coke CJ stated that the initial transfer of land was void. He said that it was the by statute 13 Eliz c 10. It was further mentioned that Queen acted as the founding of justice and common right'. Therefore she cannot be exempted from the application of a statute that has been in acted with a view to encourage the development of learning. As a result, it was held that the property was leased by Goche again validly to Smith. This meant that Warren cannot be allowed to eject Smith. On the other hand, while these developments were taking place, Edward de Vere had died. His successor was Henry de vere. He was still a minor at that time. Therefore, he along with another ten ant, Thomas Wood raised this matter before the Court of Chancery. Goche and John Smith refused to reply as they claimed that it was void. At the same time, they also refused to appear before the court. As a result, they were put into the Fleet Prison by the Chancery Court on the allegations of the contempt of court. In this way, R., injunction was issued by Lord Ellesmere of the Court of Chancery. The enactment of the common law order was prohibited. Earl of Oxford, and his tenants were granted quiet enjoyment over the property. In other words, this order meant that the initial transaction of the land was not void as a result of the statute. This order also stayed all the common law suits that have been initiated against Earl. The Court started its judgment by referring to the Bible and stated he "that builds a house ought to dwell in it and he that plants a vineyard ought to gather the Grapes". It was also remarked in this decision that the common law judges have themselves played the part of Chancellors when they considered the equitable construction of the statute as the law. However, the Chancery was not similar to the Court of Appeal. On the other hand, it had a unique position. After the decision given by Lord Ellesmere in this case, there was a stalemate between the two courts. The result was that this matter was referred to attorney general, Sir Francis Bacon. On the other hand, Lord Ellesmere had made an appeal to King James I. He referred this issue to the attorney general for the Prince of Wales, and to Francis Bacon, who was the attorney general for England and Wales. These two persons gave their decision in favor of Lord Ellesmere. This was approved by King James I and therefore he issued a declaration in which it was stated, as mercy and justice are the two supporters of the Royal Throne and it properly belongs to the princely office to take care and also to provide equal and indifferent justice to our subjects; and when the case needs to be relieved in courts of equity by suit in the Management Court of Chancery they need not be abandoned and exposed to perish under the extremity and rigor of the laws and therefore we approve, identify and confirm the practice of the Court of Chancery. In this way, it was decreed by the King that in case of a conflict that may arise between common law and equity, equity shall prevail. The primacy of equity was again established in England by the Judicature Acts of 1873 and 1875. This legislation was also acted for the purpose of fusing the court of equity and common law into a single unified Court system. Therefore it can be said that the Earl of Oxford's Case acts as the foundation stone of equity in the modern English law. This case is also noted for the robust defense of specialist equity court by Lord Chancellor Ellesmere, particularly at a time when the head of common law courts, Coke CJ was trying to curtail its power. As a result of the decision of the matter by the King, the primacy of equity was established and the Management preeminent status of equity continues even today. Bibliography Charles Mitchell and Paul Mitchell, Landmark Cases in Equity (2012) Hart Publishing D Kerly, An historical sketch of the Management equitable jurisdiction of the Court of Chancery (1890) 114 FT White, A selection of leading cases in equity (1926) vol 2, part 1, 78-79 Redgrave v Hurd (1881) 20 Ch Seager v Copydex Ltd [1967] 2 All ER

Thursday, December 5, 2019

MEDEA Essay Paper Example For Students

MEDEA Essay Paper A monologue from the play by Euripides NOTE: This monologue is reprinted from The Plays of Euripides in English, vol. ii. Trans. Shelley Dean Milman. London: J.M. Dent Sons, 1922. MEDEA: O my sons!My sons! ye have a city and a houseWhere, leaving hapless me behind, withoutA mother ye for ever shall reside.But I to other realms an exile go,Ere any help from you I could derive,Or see you blest; the hymeneal pomp,The bride, the genial couch, for you adorn,And in these hands the kindled torch sustain.How wretched am I through my own perverseness!You, O my sons, I then in vain have nurtured,In vain have toiled, and, wasted with fatigue,Suffered the pregnant matrons grievous throes.On you, in my afflictions, many hopesI founded erst: that ye with pious careWould foster my old age, and on the bierExtend me after deathmuch envied lotOf mortals; but these pleasing anxious thoughtsAre vanished now; for, losing you, a lifeOf bitterness and anguish shall I lead.But as for you, my sons, with those dear eyesFated no more your mother to behold,Hence are ye hastening to a world unknown.Why do ye gaze on me with such a lookOf tenderness, or wherefore smile? for theseAre your l ast smiles. Ah wretched, wretched me!What shall I do? My resolution fails.Sparkling with joy now I their looks have seen,My friends, I can no more. To those past schemesI bid adieu, and with me from this landMy children will convey. Why should I causeA twofold portion of distress to fallOn my own head, that I may grieve the sireBy punishing his sons? This shall not be:Such counsels I dismiss. But in my purposeWhat means this change? Can I prefer derision,And with impunity permit the foeTo scape? My utmost courage I must rouse:For the suggestion of these tender thoughtsProceeds from an enervate heart. My sons,Enter the regal mansion. As for thoseWho deem that to be present were unholyWhile I the destined victims offer up,Let them see to it. This uplifted armShall never shrink. Alas! alas! my soulCommit not such a deed. Unhappy woman,Desist and spare thy children; we will liveTogether, they in foreign realms shall cheerThy exile. No, by those avenging fiendsWho dwell with Pluto in th e realms beneath,This shall not be, nor will I ever leaveMy sons to be insulted by their foes.They certainly must die; since then they must,I bore and I will slay them: tis a deedResolved on, nor my purpose will I change.Full well I know that now the royal brideWears on her head the magic diadem,And in the variegated robe expires:But, hurried on by fate, I tread a pathOf utter wretchedness, and them will plungeInto one yet more wretched. To my sonsFain would I say: O stretch forth your right handsYe children, for your mother to embrace.O dearest hands, ye lips to me most dear,Engaging features and ingenuous looks,May ye be blest, but in another world;For by the treacherous conduct of your sireAre ye bereft of all this earth bestowed.Farewell, sweet kissestender limbs, farewell!And fragrant breath! I never more can bearTo look on you, my children. My afflictionsHave conquered me; I now am well awareWhat crimes I venture on: but rage, the causeOf woes most grievous to the human race,O ver my better reason hath prevailed.